Description: It is a large, long-winged raptor with a slender profile and remarkable plumage variability. Individuals range from mostly ash-gray to rufous or chestnut tones, with lighter or darker underparts depending on morph. In flight, it is recognized by its slightly raised wings forming a shallow “V”, relatively short tail, and pale patches at the base of the primaries. Juveniles tend to be browner and more streaked.

Geographic distribution: It is widely distributed across South America, from southern Colombia and Venezuela to southernmost Chile and Argentina. It is especially common along the Andes, but also inhabits Patagonian steppes, intermontane valleys, and open lowlands.

Habitat: It occupies open and semi-open habitats, including grasslands, shrublands, agricultural areas, and mountainous regions. It tolerates a broad altitudinal range, from sea level to over 4,000 m, efficiently using thermal currents for soaring.

Diet: It is an opportunistic predator, feeding mainly on small mammals (particularly rodents), medium-sized birds, reptiles, and large insects. It also scavenges when opportunities arise, which increases its dietary flexibility.

Behavior: Usually seen alone or in pairs, though it may gather where food is abundant. It spends long periods soaring with a powerful yet economical flight, and maintains large territories during the breeding season.

Nesting: It builds large stick nests, typically on rocky cliffs, escarpments, or occasionally tall trees and human-made structures. Clutches usually consist of one to two eggs, with shared parental care and an extended fledging period.

Conservation status: It is classified as Least Concern globally due to its wide range and generally stable populations, although local threats include persecution, electrocution, and habitat alteration.

Author of this compilation: EcoRegistros – 15/12/2025